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Freud's seduction theory ((ドイツ語:Verführungstheorie)) was a hypothesis posited in the mid-1890s by Sigmund Freud that he believed provided the solution to the problem of the origins of hysteria and obsessional neurosis. According to the theory, a repressed memory of an early childhood sexual abuse or molestation experience was the essential precondition for hysterical or obsessional symptoms, with the addition of an active sexual experience up to the age of eight for the latter.〔Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 187; Jones, E. (1953). ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work''. Volume 1. London: Hogarth Press, p. 289; Clark, R. W. (1980). ''Freud: The Man and the Cause''. Jonathan Cape, p. 156.〕 In the traditional account of development of seduction theory, Freud initially thought that his patients were relating more or less factual stories of sexual mistreatment, and that the sexual abuse was responsible for many of his patients' neuroses and other mental health problems.〔Jahoda, M. (1977). ''Freud and the Dilemmas of Psychology''. London: Hogarth Press, p. 28; Clark (1980), p. 156; Gay, P. (1988). ''Freud: A Life for Our Time'', Norton, pp. 92-94.〕 Within a few years Freud abandoned his theory, concluding that the memories of sexual abuse were in fact imaginary fantasies.〔Jahoda (1977), p. 28; Gay (1988), p. 96.〕 An alternative account that has come to the fore in recent Freudian scholarship emphasizes that the theory, as posited by Freud was that hysteria and obsessional neurosis result from ''unconscious'' memories of sexual abuse in infancy.〔Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 141, 144; Garcia, E. E. (1987). Freud's Seduction Theory. ''The Psychological Study of the Child'', Vol. 42. Yale University Press, pp. 443-468; Schimek, J. G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review. ''Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association'', xxxv: 937-65; Israëls, H. and Schatzman, M. (1993). The Seduction Theory. History of Psychiatry, iv: 23-59; McCullough, M.L. (2001). Freud's seduction theory and its rehabilitation: A saga of one mistake after another. ''Review of General Psychology'', vol. 5, no. 1: 3-22.〕 In the three seduction theory papers published in 1896, Freud stated that with all his current patients he had been able to uncover such abuse, mostly below the age of four.〔Masson (1984), pp. 276, 281; Garcia (1987); Schimek (1987); Israëls & Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994), On Not Knowing What You Know: Object-coercive Doubting and Freud's Announcement of the Seduction Theory, ''Psychoanalytic Review'', 81(4), pp. 659-676.〕 These papers indicate that the patients did not relate stories of having been sexually abused in early childhood; rather, Freud used the analytic interpretation of symptoms and patients' associations, and the exerting of pressure on the patient, in an attempt to induce the "reproduction" of the deeply repressed memories he posited.〔Schimek (1987); Smith, D. L. (1991). ''Hidden Conversations: An Introduction to Communicative Psychoanalysis'', Routledge, pp. 9-10; Toews, J.E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time, ''Journal of Modern History'', vol. 63 (pp. 504-545), p. 510, n.12; McNally, R.J. (2003), ''Remembering Trauma'', Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.〕 Though he reported he had succeeded in achieving this aim, he also acknowledged that the patients generally remained unconvinced that what they had experienced indicated that they had actually been sexually abused in infancy.〔Masson (1984), p. 273; Paul, R. A. (1985). Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of Masson's "The Assault on "Truth", ''Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology'', vol. 8, pp. 161-187; Garcia (1987); Schimek, (1987); Eissler, (2001), pp. 114-116.〕 Freud's reports of the seduction theory episode went through a series of changes over the years, culminating in the traditional story based on his last account, in ''New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis''.〔Schimek, (1987); Israëls & Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994); Esterson, A. (2001).〕 ==Freud’s seduction theory== On the evening of April 21, 1896, Sigmund Freud presented a paper before his colleagues at the Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in Vienna, entitled "The Aetiology of Hysteria". Using a sample of 18 patients—male and female—from his practice, he concluded that all of them had been the victims of sexual assaults by various caretakers. The cause of the patient’s distress lay in a trauma inflicted by an actor in the child’s social environment. The source of internal psychic pain lay in an act inflicted upon the child from outside.〔Gay, P. (1988). Freud: a life for our time. New York: W. W. Norton〕 This led to his well known ‘seduction theory’. The medical journals of that time did not report Freud's lecture. In the ''Wiener klinische Wochenschrift'', published weekly in Vienna, on May 14, 1896, three papers were reported from the April 21 meeting (p. 420). Two of the papers were reported in the usual manner. Invariably, the practice was to give the title of a paper, a brief summary of its contents, and an account of the ensuing discussion. But in the citation of the last paper, there was a break with tradition. The report reads as follows: ''Docent Sigm. Freud: Über die Ätiologie der Hysterie'' (Sigmund Freud, lecturer: On the Aetiology of Hysteria.) There was no summary and no discussion.〔Masson (1984), p. 6.〕 Freud published it a few weeks later in the ''Wiener klinische Rundschau''.〔Masson (1984), p. 11.〕 On the other hand, Freud had no trouble publishing three papers on the subject in a matter of months. Doubt has been cast on the notion that the occurrence of child sexual abuse was not acknowledged by most of Freud's colleagues. It has been pointed out that they were skeptical about Freud's claims of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory, and would have been aware of criticisms that his suggestive clinical procedures were liable to produce findings of doubtful validity.〔Robinson, P. (1993). ''Freud and his Critics''. University of California Press, p. 114-115; Borch-Jacobsen (1996), ''Neurotica: Freud and the Seduction Theory'', ''October'', 76, Spring 1996, MIT, pp. 15-43; Esterson, A. (2002).〕 Freud's seduction theory emphasizes the causative impact of nurture: the shaping of the mind by experience. This theory held that hysteria and obsessional neurosis are caused by repressed memories of infantile sexual abuse.〔Masson (ed) 1985, pp. 141, 144; Schimek (1987); Smith (1991), pp. 7-8.〕 Infantile sexual abuse, the root of all neurosis, is premature introduction of sexuality into the experience of the child. Trauma creates affects and thoughts that simply cannot be integrated. The adult who had a normal, non traumatic childhood is able to contain and assimilate sexual feelings into a continuous sense of self. Freud proposed that adults who experienced sexual abuse as a child suffer from unconscious memories and feelings incompatible with the central mass of thoughts and feelings that constitute his or her experience. Psychic disorders are a direct consequence of experiences that cannot be assimilated.〔Mitchell, S.A., & Black, M.J. (1995). Freud and Beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books, New York〕 Unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse was a necessary condition for the development of certain disorders, hysteria in particular. But another condition had to be met: There had to be an unconscious memory of the abuse.〔Freud, ''S.E. 3'', 1896a, pp. 151-152; 1896b, p. 166, 1896c, p. 211.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Freud's seduction theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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